Original Article
Mohd Talha; Yangang Jiang; Xiaohong Wang; Hao Liu; Shilei Xu; Yuanhua Lin
Abstract
In order to solve the corrosion and wax deposition problem of X80 steel used in oil pipelines, a hydrophobic surface layer was prepared by ferric chloride pre-etching followed by hydrochloric acid etching and finally surface modification with fluorosilane. The study revealed that the best hydrophobic ...
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In order to solve the corrosion and wax deposition problem of X80 steel used in oil pipelines, a hydrophobic surface layer was prepared by ferric chloride pre-etching followed by hydrochloric acid etching and finally surface modification with fluorosilane. The study revealed that the best hydrophobic effect was obtained when the concentration of ferric chloride was 0.21 g/ml, the concentration of hydrochloric acid was 1.5mol/L, and the etching time was 30min. The X80 steel etched with the above process has excellent hydrophobicity and demonstrated a contact angle value of 158º and only change to 150º even exposed to air for three months. The X80 steel etched with the above process also has anti-waxing properties and the wax-proof rate was more than 66%. The corrosion resistance properties of such formed surfaces of X80 steel was also analyzed by EIS analysis and the results of which demonstrated that the impedance of the etched X80 steel is much higher than that of the non-etched X80 steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the etched X80 steel has excellent anti wax and corrosion resistant properties because of its unique structure, similar to lotus leaf surface, which is comprised of micro and nano pits.
Original Article
Uwadiegwu Ibeabuchi
Abstract
Forests play an important role in removing carbon from the atmosphere and help slow climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide and store as carbon while fire, disease, vegetation conversion such as land use change releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In this study, InVEST model was adopted ...
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Forests play an important role in removing carbon from the atmosphere and help slow climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide and store as carbon while fire, disease, vegetation conversion such as land use change releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In this study, InVEST model was adopted using Geographic Information System (GIS) to estimate Carbon stored, sequestrated and design a REDD policy for Nigeria between 1984 and 2035. Total carbon sequestrated decrease from 4,856,430,592Mgha-1yr-1 in 1984 to 2,018,537,728Mgha-1yr-1 in 2003 and then, to 826,727.99Mgha-1yr-1 in 2035. Also, total carbon stored decrease by 15,594,440,704Mgha-1yr-1 in 1984 to 11,968,108,544 Mgha-1yr-1 in 2003 and then, to 11,115,581,440Mgha-1yr-1 in 2035. While, total carbon emitted increased from 887,287,616Mgha-1yr-1 in 1984 to 1,599,485,568Mgha-1yr-1 in 2003 and then, to 1,766,186,368Mgha-1yr-1 in 2035. Based on these, a REDD policy initiatives was adopted to improve carbon storage by sequestrating 4,619.97Mgha-1yr-1 and 912.85 Mg ha-1yr-1 in 2003 and 2035 while storing 4,619.97Mgha-1yr-1 and 4,679.19Mgha-1yr-1. To achieve this, a REDD policy scenario was created under the confidence area (at 90%) to increase carbon sequestration by 38% for2003 and 21% for 2035 which in-turn improves the economic benefit gained by $699,241.75 in 2035 compared to $406,799.63 in 2003. These plans acknowledged the importance of forests in addressing climate change and potential boon REDD represents under the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario.
Original Article
Calistus C Okudo; Nwachukwu R Ekere; Chukwuma OB Okoye
Abstract
The study determined the concentrations of heavy metals in dry deposition in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Dry deposition samples are collected using plastic containers mounted on elevation of 3 meters at 9 various locations with 3 sampling stations per location and left for 30 days. The dust samples were collected ...
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The study determined the concentrations of heavy metals in dry deposition in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Dry deposition samples are collected using plastic containers mounted on elevation of 3 meters at 9 various locations with 3 sampling stations per location and left for 30 days. The dust samples were collected for 3 consecutive times from November 2018 to March, 2019 and a total of 27 composite samples were collected for analysis. The samples were treated in accordance with the standard method of analysis and analyzed for Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cd using Perkin Elmer Optima 8000 Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emitting Spectrometer (ICP – OES). The result shows the highest mean values of the metals concentrations (mg/kg) as follows; Cu – 146.29 ± 10.23 , Cr – 13.01 ± 0.30 , Ni – 30.35 ± 0.37 , Mn – 179.07 ± 0.83 , Zn – 507.24 ± 2.97 , Pb – 0.43 ± 0.09 , Cd – 2.43 ± 0.21 . The mean values of the concentrations of the metals decrease in the following order; Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb. The values of potential ecological risk indexes ranges in each sampling period across the locations are as follows: (November/December) 457.31 - 915.12, (January/February) 412.81 – 911.09, (February/March) 260.29 – 933.48. The indication is that Enugu urban atmosphere is continuously being contaminated with toxic metals and it poses a great ecological risk. Regular atmospheric monitoring is very important and effective pollution control measures must be in place and enforced.
Original Article
Usongo A Patience; Ediamam Epalle Guy Marcel; Mboza J. C. Yengeh
Abstract
Water, an ecosystem service of Mount Manengouba is under threat. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of water quality and quantity parameters from three streams (Shut, Chambre noir and Poladam) at three points (source, human habitation upstream and human habitation downstream) ...
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Water, an ecosystem service of Mount Manengouba is under threat. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of water quality and quantity parameters from three streams (Shut, Chambre noir and Poladam) at three points (source, human habitation upstream and human habitation downstream) during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples collected were analyzed for quality parameters. The water quality index (WQI) was computed from 12 parameters. The ANOVA and Independent Sample Tests were used to investigate if significant variations in water quality and quantity parameters exist. The WHO standard was used to compare quality parameters. Results revealed that, with the exception of HCO32-, Shut stream observed no seasonal variation in water quality parameters. Spatially, variations were statistically significant for pH and K+. Chambre Noir showed a significant seasonal variation for EC, Ca2+, SO42-, HCO32-and Coliform counts. Spatially, coliform count varied significantly. Poladam stream revealed a significant seasonal variability in Ca2+, SO42-, HCO32-, NO3 while spatially pH and K+ showed significant variations. The differences in discharge were not significant within the streams over space and time but for Poladam with a significant seasonal variation in discharge. WQI showed that the water at various sampling points was not suitable for consumption and none were in accordance with the WHO drinking water standard. The study concludes that increasing human activities are a severe threat to water quality and quantity parameters. To ensure sustainable water delivery, water catchment laws should be adopted and enforced towards effective management and control along streams within Nkongsamba.
Original Article
Zuhal Abdulhadi Hamza
Abstract
This study's objective was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the Shatt Al-Arab River in the Basra Governorate for irrigation purposes. These characteristics were pH, EC, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium, Magnesium, Total Suspended Solids, and Nitrate. The Canadian Council of Ministers ...
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This study's objective was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the Shatt Al-Arab River in the Basra Governorate for irrigation purposes. These characteristics were pH, EC, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium, Magnesium, Total Suspended Solids, and Nitrate. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied to the analytical data of the parameters in order to fulfill the goal and produce a single value that was used to rank the river at each of the sample stations. The findings showed that some parameters studied in the Shatt Al- Arab River increased as it flowed through the study area, which could be primarily attributed to rising wastewater discharges into the river, which has a negative impact on the WQI values for these stations, which range from 41.6 to 43.6. As a result of these analyses, the Shatt Al- Arab River's water quality at the station’s Karma Ali and Al-Sindbad is classified as "Poor quality" for irrigation purposes.
Original Article
Dheyaa H. Dagher; Imad H. Obead
Abstract
This research aimed to estimate and analyse the water demand for the Muthanna and Thi-Qar provinces in Iraq's lower Euphrates River Basin. WEAP, CROPWAT model, and statistical forecasting methods were used to estimate agricultural, municipal, and industrial water demand. The results showed that the municipal ...
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This research aimed to estimate and analyse the water demand for the Muthanna and Thi-Qar provinces in Iraq's lower Euphrates River Basin. WEAP, CROPWAT model, and statistical forecasting methods were used to estimate agricultural, municipal, and industrial water demand. The results showed that the municipal demand for Muthanna reaches a maximum of 211.4 MCM in 2059 and a minimum of 98 MCM in 2022, while the demand for Thi-Qar is higher at 377.2 MCM and a minimum demand of 174.8 MCM in the same year. This difference is due to the larger population of Muthanna compared to Thi-Qar. The agricultural water demand for the two provinces also exhibits a significant difference, with Muthanna experiencing a maximum demand of 1579 MCM in 2059 and a minimum water demand of 1443.4 MCM in 2022, compared to a maximum water demand of 347.8 MCM and a minimum water demand of 317 MCM for Thi-Qar over the same period. This difference is due to the larger irrigated area in Muthanna compared to Thi-Qar. The findings from the comparison between the different methods suggest that demand can be accurately forecasted and planned in the future. The research highlights the need for effective water resource management in the face of the challenges posed by climate change, population growth, and industrialization in the lower reach of the Euphrates River.
