Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Author

Young Researchers Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.

10.52293/WES.1.3.2028

Abstract

preventing greenhouse gasses discharge and proper environment maintenance is crucial for human race. For a sustained agricultural development, managing energy consumption and greenhouse gasses discharge (GHG) is important in all agricultural agroecosystem. This study aims to compare wheat cultivation in irrigated and dryland wheat production using energy usage-based greenhouse gas discharge in diverse climatic areas. Throughout 2019, a face-to-face questionary was used to obtain data from wheat cultivators. The total energy usage according to gathered data are 14975 and 54963.9 MJ ha−1 for dryland and irrigated wheat production. In dryland wheat production, energy consumption efficiency was 16% higher compared to energy consumption efficiency of irrigated wheat production. The total amount of GHG for dryland wheat production was 370.5 kg CO2-eq t−1 and 520.62 kg CO2-eq ha−1 and for irrigated wheat production, total GHG was 620.8 kg CO2-eq t−1 and 2986.71 kg CO2-eq ha−1. The order of GHG from low to high in dryland wheat production was chemical fertilizers, machinery, and diesel fuels. In order to reduce the GHG and its environmental effect, efficient energy consumption is vital in wheat production.

Keywords

Alam, M Shahid, MR Alam, and KK Islam. 2005. 'Energy flow in agriculture: Bangladesh', American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1: 213-20.
Asgharipour, Mohammad Reza, Farzad Mondani, and Shahram Riahinia. 2012. 'Energy use efficiency and economic analysis of sugar beet production system in Iran: A case study in Khorasan Razavi province', Energy, 44: 1078-84.
Asgharipour, Mohammad Reza, Seyed Mohsen Mousavinik, and Fatemeh Fartout Enayat. 2016a. 'Energy Reports'.
Banaeian, Narges, Mahmoud Omid, and Hojat Ahmadi. 2011. 'Energy and economic analysis of greenhouse strawberry production in Tehran province of Iran', Energy Conversion and Management, 52: 1020-25.
Demircan, Vecdi, Kamil Ekinci, Harold M Keener, Davut Akbolat, and Caglar Ekinci. 2006. 'Energy and economic analysis of sweet cherry production in Turkey: a case study from Isparta province', Energy Conversion and Management, 47: 1761-69.
Dyer, JA, and RL Desjardins. 2003. 'The impact of farm machinery management on the greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian agriculture', Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 22: 59-74.
Fallahi, F, and S Hekmati Farid. 2013. 'Factors affecting emissions of greenhouse gases in Iran', J. Environ. Econ. Energy, 2: 129-50.
Fischlin, Andreas, Guy F Midgley, Lesley Hughs, Jeff Price, Rik Leemans, Brij Gopal, Carol Turley, Mark Rounsevell, Pauline Dube, and Juan Tarazona. 2007. 'Ecosystems, their properties, goods and services'.
Gholamin, Roza, and Majid Khayatnezhad. 2012. 'Effect of different levels of manganese fertilizer and drought stress on yield and agronomic use efficiency of fertilizer in durum wheat in Ardabil', Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 10: 1326-28.
Ghorbani, Reza, Farzad Mondani, Shahram Amirmoradi, Hassan Feizi, Surror Khorramdel, Mozhgan Teimouri, Sara Sanjani, Sepideh Anvarkhah, and Hassan Aghel. 2011. 'A case study of energy use and economical analysis of irrigated and dryland wheat production systems', Applied Energy, 88: 283-88.
Gilbert, Natasha. 2011. 'Summit urged to clean up farming', Nature, 479: 279-79.
I Canals, L Milà, GM Burnip, and SJ Cowell. 2006. 'Evaluation of the environmental impacts of apple production using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): case study in New Zealand', Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 114: 226-38.
Khayatnezhad, Majid. 2012. 'Evaluation of the reaction of durum wheat genotypes (Triticum durum Desf.) to drought conditions using various stress tolerance indices', African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6: 4315-23.
Khayatnezhad, Majid, and Roza Gholamin. 2012. 'Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on different planting remobilization of dry matter of durum wheat varieties Seimareh', African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6: 1534-39.
Khoshnevisan, Benyamin, Shahin Rafiee, Mahmoud Omid, and Hossein Mousazadeh. 2013. 'Applying data envelopment analysis approach to improve energy efficiency and reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emission of wheat production', Energy, 58: 588-93.
Khoshnevisan, Benyamin, Shahin Rafiee, Mahmoud Omid, Hossein Mousazadeh, and Mohammad Ali Rajaeifar. 2014. 'Application of artificial neural networks for prediction of output energy and GHG emissions in potato production in Iran', Agricultural Systems, 123: 120-27.
Koocheki, Alireza, Reza Ghorbani, Farzad Mondani, Yaser Alizade, and Rooholla Moradi. 2011. 'Pulses production systems in term of energy use efficiency and economical analysis in Iran', International journal of energy economics and policy, 1: 95-106.
Kuesters, Juergen, and Joachim Lammel. 1999. 'Investigations of the energy efficiency of the production of winter wheat and sugar beet in Europe', European Journal of Agronomy, 11: 35-43.
Lal, Rattan. 2004. 'Carbon emission from farm operations', Environment international, 30: 981-90.
Meinshausen, Malte, Nicolai Meinshausen, William Hare, Sarah CB Raper, Katja Frieler, Reto Knutti, David J Frame, and Myles R Allen. 2009. 'Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 C', Nature, 458: 1158-62.
Mobtaker, Hassan Ghasemi, Asadollah Akram, and Alireza Keyhani. 2012. 'Energy use and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for alfalfa production in Iran', Energy for sustainable development, 16: 84-89.
Moghaddam, Parviz Rezvani, Hassan Feizi, and Farzad Mondani. 2011. 'Evaluation of tomato production systems in terms of energy use efficiency and economical analysis in Iran', Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 3: 58-65.
Mohammadi, Ali, Shahin Rafiee, Ali Jafari, Alireza Keyhani, Seyed Hashem Mousavi-Avval, and Sanderine Nonhebel. 2014. 'Energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of farming systems in north Iran', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30: 724-33.
Mondani, Farzad, Sepide Aleagha, Mahmud Khoramivafa, and Rozhin Ghobadi. 2017. 'Evaluation of greenhouse gases emission based on energy consumption in wheat Agroecosystems', Energy Reports, 3: 37-45.
Ozkan, Burhan, Handan Akcaoz, and Cemal Fert. 2004. 'Energy input–output analysis in Turkish agriculture', Renewable Energy, 29: 39-51.
Pathak, Himanshu, and Reiner Wassmann. 2007. 'Introducing greenhouse gas mitigation as a development objective in rice-based agriculture: I. Generation of technical coefficients', Agricultural Systems, 94: 807-25.
Pishgar-Komleh, Seyyed Hassan, Mahmoud Omid, and Mohammad Davoud Heidari. 2013. 'On the study of energy use and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in greenhouse cucumber production in Yazd province', Energy, 59: 63-71.
Samavatean, Naeimeh, Shahin Rafiee, Hossein Mobli, and Ali Mohammadi. 2011. 'An analysis of energy use and relation between energy inputs and yield, costs and income of garlic production in Iran', Renewable Energy, 36: 1808-13.
Soltani, Afshin, MH Rajabi, E Zeinali, and Elias Soltani. 2013. 'Energy inputs and greenhouse gases emissions in wheat production in Gorgan, Iran', Energy, 50: 54-61.
Sookhtanlou, M. 2018. 'Inhibiting factors on adoption of pressurized irrigation methods according to drought zoning in Northwestern Iran (Ardabil province)', Desert, 23: 45-55.
Taylor, AEB, PW O'Callaghan, and SD Probert. 1993. 'Energy audit of an English farm', Applied Energy, 44: 315-35.
Tidiane Sall, Amadou, Tiberio Chiari, Wasihun Legesse, Kemal Seid-Ahmed, Rodomiro Ortiz, Maarten Van Ginkel, and Filippo Maria Bassi. 2019. 'Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.): Origin, cultivation and potential expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa', Agronomy, 9: 263.
Williams, Helén, and Fredrik Wikström. 2011. 'Environmental impact of packaging and food losses in a life cycle perspective: a comparative analysis of five food items', Journal of Cleaner Production, 19: 43-48.
Yamane, T. 1967. 'Elementary Sampling Theory. Prentice- Hall, Englewood Clius, NJ, USA.'.
Yilmaz, Ibrahim, Handan Akcaoz, and Burhan Ozkan. 2005. 'An analysis of energy use and input costs for cotton production in Turkey', Renewable Energy, 30: 145-55.
Yousefi, Mohammad, Mahmud Khoramivafa, and Farzad Mondani. 2014. 'Integrated evaluation of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) agroecosystems in Iran', Atmospheric Environment, 92: 501-05.
Zafiriou, Panagiota, Andreas P Mamolos, George C Menexes, Anastasios S Siomos, Constantinos A Tsatsarelis, and Kiriaki L Kalburtji. 2012. 'Analysis of energy flow and greenhouse gas emissions in organic, integrated and conventional cultivation of white asparagus by PCA and HCA: cases in Greece', Journal of Cleaner Production, 29: 20-27.
Zahedi, Mortaza, Farzad Mondani, and Hamid Reza Eshghizadeh. 2015. 'Analyzing the energy balances of double-cropped cereals in an arid region', Energy Reports, 1: 43-49.